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1 parliamentary legislation
English-Ukrainian law dictionary > parliamentary legislation
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2 parliamentary
парламентський; парламентарний- parliamentary allowanceparliamentary approval of a treaty — затвердження ( схвалення) угоди парламентом
- parliamentary approbation
- parliamentary approval
- parliamentary assembly I
- Parliamentary Assembly
- parliamentary board
- parliamentary borough
- parliamentary boycott
- parliamentary commissioner
- parliamentary committee
- parliamentary confirmation
- parliamentary-constitutional
- parliamentary convention
- parliamentary democracy
- parliamentary election
- parliamentary elections
- parliamentary electorate
- parliamentary electors
- parliamentary enactment
- parliamentary faction
- parliamentary floor leader
- parliamentary franchise
- parliamentary government
- parliamentary grant
- parliamentary group
- parliamentary hearings
- parliamentary history
- parliamentary immunity
- parliamentary impeachment
- parliamentary inquiry
- parliamentary institutions
- parliamentary instrument
- parliamentary investigation
- parliamentary investigator
- parliamentary language
- parliamentary law
- parliamentary legislation
- parliamentary liaison officer
- parliamentary lobbying
- parliamentary majority
- parliamentary mandate
- parliamentary member
- parliamentary minority
- parliamentary monarchy
- parliamentary opposition
- parliamentary papers
- parliamentary party
- parliamentary power
- parliamentary practice
- parliamentary privilege
- parliamentary procedure
- parliamentary proceeding
- parliamentary proceedings
- parliamentary question
- parliamentary recess
- parliamentary registration
- parliamentary republic
- parliamentary-republican
- parliamentary rules
- parliamentary seat
- parliamentary session
- parliamentary situation
- parliamentary sovereignty
- parliamentary system
- parliamentary tax
- Parliamentary undersecretary
- parliamentary voter
- parliamentary year -
3 government legislation
1) юр. государственное законодательство ( осуществляется центральным законодательным органом страны)2) юр. правительственные законопроекты; правительственное законотворчество*The Department which introduced government legislation into Parliament and handled it during its passage through the parliamentary process would generally assume strategic responsibility for matters covered by the legislation once it was enacted. — Отдел, ответственный за представление правительственных законопроектов в Парламент и их поддержку во время парламентского процесса, обычно несет стратегическую ответственность за исполнение пунктов законопроекта, в случае его принятия.
See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > government legislation
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4 public ordering
эк. общественное [государственное\] регулирование*, государственное установление порядка* (установления порядка в какой-л. сфере деятельности действиями какого-л. органа власти)Public ordering can be in the form of parliamentary legislation, executive regulations and judicial precedents. — Государственное установление порядка осуществляется через парламентские законодательные акты, акты исполнительной валсти и судебные прецеденты.
Ant:See: -
5 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
6 labour
ˈleɪbə
1. сущ.;
амер. labor
1) труд manual, physical labour ≈ физический труд sweated, sweatshop labour ≈ тяжелая работа menial labour ≈ низкооплачиваемая работа skilled labour ≈ работа, требующая (высокой) квалификации unskilled labour ≈ работа, не требующая специальной квалификации forced labour hard labour slave labour labour code labour contract labour dispute labour input labour legislation Syn: drudgery, grind, toil
1., travail, work
1. Ant: idleness, leisure, pleasure, relaxation
2) работа, задание to do, perform labour ≈ выполнять работу division of labour ≈ раздел, распределение работы a labour of Hercules, a Herculean labour ≈ геркулесова работа painstaking labour ≈ кропотливая работа labour of love ≈ любимое дело, бескорыстный труд lost labour ≈ тщетные, бесполезные усилия Syn: task
1.
3) рабочий класс, рабочая сила, рабочие, работники the parliamentary representation of labour ≈ представители рабочих а парламенте child labour ≈ детская рабочая сила migrant labour ≈ рабочая сила из эмигрантов organized labour ≈ организованная рабочая сила seasonal labour ≈ сезонная рабочая сила Labour and Capital ≈ труд и капитал labour hours ≈ рабочее время
4) (Labour) лейбористская партия labour leader
5) родовые муки, роды to be in labour ≈ мучиться родами, родить to induce labour ≈ вызывать роды abnormal labour ≈ патологические роды accelerated labour ≈ стремительные роды easy labour ≈ легкие роды twin labour ≈ роды двойней labour activity ≈ родовая деятельность She was in labour for five hours. ≈ Она рожала пять часов. to go into labour ≈ рожать prolonged labour, protracted labour ≈ затяжные роды difficult labour ≈ трудные роды, осложненные роды false labour ≈ ложные схватки advanced labour, premature labour, preterm labour ≈ преждевременные роды induced labor ≈ искусственные роды labour pains ≈ родовые схватки labour ward ≈ родильная палата Syn: travail
1.
6) затрудненность, чрезмерное усилие The engine works with labour. ≈ Двигатель работает с трудом.
2. прил.
1) трудовой, рабочий
2) лейбористский
3. гл.;
амер. labor
1) трудиться, работать( особ. тяжело, усердно) Don't labour at/over your writing, try to make it seem easy and natural. ≈ Не слишком корпей над своими текстами, старайся, чтобы они легко читались и были понятными. Syn: work
3., toil
2.
2) прилагать усилия, бороться( за что-л.), добиваться( чего-л.) (for) to labour for breath ≈ дышать с трудом to labour for peace ≈ добиваться мира, бороться за мир Syn: strive
3) кропотливо разрабатывать, вникать в детали, мелочи ( преим. во фразах to labour a point, a question и им подобных) to labour a point, to labour a question ≈ рассматривать вопрос, вникая во все детали
4) редк. подвигаться вперед медленно, с трудом The truck laboured up the hill. ≈ Грузовик с трудом продвигался вверх по склону.
5) быть в затруднении, мучиться ( преим. labour under)
6) уст. рожать, мучиться родами
7) подвергаться сильной качке (о судне) Syn: pitch
2., roll
2.
8) уст.;
поэт. обрабатывать землю ∙ labour under труд;
- manual * физический труд - foreced * принудительный труд - surplus * (политика) (экономика) прибавочный труд - * code кодекс законов о труде - * legislation трудовое законодательство - * сontract трудовой договор работа, задание;
задача( особ. трудная) - * сompany (военное) рабочая рота - * detail( военное) рабочая команда;
наряд на работу (возвышенно) житейские дела, заботы;
невзгоды - his *s are over его жизнь кончилась рабочий класс;
труд - L. and Capital труд и капитал - the rights of * права рабочего класса рабочие;
работники;
рабочая сила - direct * (экономика) основные производственные рабочие - shortage of * нехватка рабочей силы (L.) лейбористская партия - * МР член парламента от лейбористской партии - the * vote голоса, поданные за лейбористов - to vote * голосовать за лейбористcкую партию чрезмерное усилие;
затрудненность - the engine works with * двигатель работает с трудом родовые муки, роды - a woman in * роженица - * pains родовые схватки - * ward родильная палата, родильный покой - to be in * мучиться родами, рожать (устаревшее) продукт или результат труда > * of love бескорыстный труд;
любимое дело > lost * напрасный труд, тщетные усилия > hard * каторжные работы, каторга лейбористский - * government лейбористское правительство трудиться, (тяжело) работать - to * in the fields работать в поле - to * at a task напряженно работать над заданием - he is *ing to finish his article он прилагает все усилия, чтобы кончить статью прилагать усилия, добиваться, стремиться - to * for peace бороться за мир - to * for breath задыхаться, дышать с трудом двигаться, продвигаться с трудом - to * along a bad road медленно продвигаться по плохой дороге - the car *ed up the hill машина с трудом шла в гору - she *ed up the stairs with her bags она еле плелась по лестнице со своими сумками (морское) испытывать сильную качку;
преодолевать волнение - the ship was *ing корабль боролся с волнами тщательно, кропотливо разрабатывать;
рассматривать подробно, во всех деталях (вопрос) - to * an argument детализировать аргументацию - I will not * the point я не буду подробно останавливаться на этом быть в затруднении, мучиться, страдать( от чего-л) ;
подвергаться (чему-л) - to under a delusion впадать в ошибку, быть в заблуждении, жестоко заблуждаться - to * under bad health постоянно хворать мучиться родами, рожать (устаревшее) обрабатывать (землю) ~ родовые муки;
роды;
to be in labour мучиться родами, родить casual ~ внеплановая работа casual ~ временная работа casual ~ нерегулярная работа casual ~ случайная работа child ~ детский труд compulsory ~ принудительные работы contract ~ рабочая сила предоставляемая контрактором;
законтрактованная рабочая сила direct ~ живой труд, непосредственно затраченный на производство продукта direct ~ основная работа direct ~ труд производственных рабочих engaged ~ занятая рабочая сила female ~ женский труд ~ труд;
работа;
усилие;
surplus labour полит.-эк. прибавочный труд;
forced labour принудительный труд forced ~ принудительный труд to ~ for peace добиваться мира;
he laboured to understand what they were talking about он прилагал усилия, чтобы понять, о чем они говорили human ~ человеческий труд immigrant ~ иностранная рабочая сила в стране ~ рабочий класс;
труд (в противоп. капиталу) ;
Labour and Capital труд и капитал ~ attr. лейбористский ~ attr.: ~ pains родовые схватки;
labour ward родильная палата ~ code кодекс законов о труде ~ exporting country страна экспортирующая рабочую силу ~ прилагать усилия, добиваться (for) ;
to labour for breath дышать с трудом to ~ for peace добиваться мира;
he laboured to understand what they were talking about он прилагал усилия, чтобы понять, о чем они говорили ~ attr. трудовой;
рабочий;
labour force рабочая сила;
labour hours рабочее время ~ input количество затраченного труда ~ leader лейбористский лидер руководитель тредюниона leader: labour ~ руководитель профсоюза ~ legislation трудовое законодательство legislation: ~ закон;
законопроект;
labour legislation трудовое законодательство labour ~ законы о труде labour ~ тркдовое законодательство labour ~ трудовое законодательство ~ of love безвозмездный или бескорыстный труд ~ of love любимое дело ~ attr.: ~ pains родовые схватки;
labour ward родильная палата ~ кропотливо разрабатывать, вдаваться в мелочи;
to labour the point рассматривать вопрос, вникая во все детали ~ уст., поэт. обрабатывать землю;
labour under быть в затруднении, тревоге;
страдать (от чего-л.) to ~ under a delusion (или a mistake) находиться в заблуждении ~ attr.: ~ pains родовые схватки;
labour ward родильная палата lost ~ тщетные, бесполезные усилия management and ~ управленческий и производственный персонал manual ~ ручной труд manual ~ физический труд outside ~ приглашенная рабочая сила paid ~ оплачиваемый труд penal ~ каторжные работы seasonal ~ сезонная рабочая сила skilled ~ квалифицированная рабочая сила skilled ~ квалифицированные работники ~ труд;
работа;
усилие;
surplus labour полит.-эк. прибавочный труд;
forced labour принудительный труд unorganized ~ рабочие, не явяющиеся членами профсоюза unskilled ~ неквалифицированная рабочая сила unskilled ~ неквалифицированный труд unskilled: ~ labour собир. неквалифицированная рабочая сила ~ labour неквалифицированный труд, черная работа -
7 Christian Democratic Party
Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party
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8 extend
extend [ɪk'stend](a) (stretch out → arm, leg) étendre, allonger; (→ wings) ouvrir, déployer; (→ aerial) déplier, déployer;∎ to extend one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn(b) (in length, duration → guarantee, visa, news programme) prolonger; (→ road, runway) prolonger, allonger;∎ they extended his visa by six months on a prolongé son visa de six mois;∎ the deadline has been extended until 25 May la date limite a été repoussée au 25 mai(c) (make larger, widen → frontiers, law, enquiry, search) étendre; (→ building) agrandir; (→ vocabulary) enrichir, élargir;∎ the company decided to extend its activities into the export market la société a décidé d'étendre ses activités au marché de l'exportation(d) (offer → friendship, hospitality) offrir; (→ thanks, condolences, congratulations) présenter; (→ credit) accorder;∎ to extend an invitation to sb faire une invitation à qn;∎ to extend a welcome to sb souhaiter la bienvenue à qn;∎ to extend one's sympathy to sb présenter ses condoléances à qn(e) (stretch → horse, person) pousser au bout de ses capacités ou à son maximum;∎ to extend oneself in a race se donner à fond dans une course(a) (protrude → wall, cliff) avancer, former une avancée∎ the queue extended all the way down the street il y avait la queue jusqu'au bout de la rue;∎ the parliamentary recess extends into October les vacances parlementaires se prolongent jusqu'en octobre;∎ the laughter extended to the others in the room le rire a gagné le reste de la salle;∎ the legislation does not extend to single mothers la législation ne concerne pas les mères célibataires -
9 hold
1) розм. ув'язнення; розм. в'язниця, місце ув'язнення2) володіти (акціями, патентом тощо); зобов'язувати; бути (залишатися) чинним, мати силу; виносити рішення; визнавати ( про суд); розм. тримати ( у в'язниці), утримувати ( під вартою); проводити (збори, конференцію, вибори тощо); обіймати (посаду, пост)•hold a threat of disclosure over head — = hold a threat of disclosure over smb.'s head тримати ( когось) під загрозою розкриття
hold a threat of disclosure over smb.'s head — = hold a threat of disclosure over head
hold office during good behavior — = hold office during good behaviour обіймати посаду довічно
hold office during good behaviour — = hold office during good behavior
hold possession under the color of title — = hold possession under the colour of title володіти за законним правом ( на законних підставах)
- hold a conferencehold possession under the colour of title — = hold possession under the color of title
- hold a court
- hold a demonstration
- hold a government post
- hold a high-level position
- hold a high office
- hold a judicial decision
- hold a judicial inquiry
- hold a judicial office
- hold a judicial sale
- hold a legal office
- hold a licence
- hold a license
- hold a local referendum
- hold a meeting
- hold a patent
- hold a person on suspicion
- hold a plebiscite
- hold a post
- hold a rally
- hold a rank
- hold a reception
- hold a referendum
- hold a session
- hold a sitting
- hold a trial
- hold a view
- hold absolutely
- hold an action
- hold an appointment
- hold an inquiry
- hold an inquest
- hold an office
- hold as a material witness
- hold at gunpoint
- hold at knifepoint
- hold consultations
- hold court
- hold debate
- hold debates
- hold election
- hold elections
- hold for court
- hold for interrogation
- hold good
- hold good in law
- hold hearing
- hold hearings
- hold hostage
- hold in abeyance
- hold in bondage
- hold in captivity
- hold in contempt
- hold in contempt of court
- hold in detention
- hold in esteem
- hold in internal exile
- hold in preventive detention
- hold in trust
- hold incommunicado
- hold invalid
- hold legally liable
- hold legally responsible
- hold liable
- hold mediately
- hold more than one job
- hold more than one office
- hold office during pleasure
- hold on espionage charges
- hold on spy charges
- hold on spying charges
- hold on the charge
- hold over
- hold over a decision
- hold pleas
- hold preliminary hearings
- hold prisoner
- hold property
- hold public office
- hold re-election
- hold re-elections
- hold reasonable
- hold responsible
- hold responsible in damages
- hold shares in a company
- hold the affirmative
- hold the assizes
- hold the chair of law
- hold the hearing of an action
- hold to account
- hold to bail
- hold to be valid
- hold to ransom
- hold to security
- hold to the contrary
- hold under house arrest
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold up a law
- hold up a train
- hold up delivery
- hold up in court
- hold up legislation
- hold-up man
- hold without charge -
10 ♦ draft
♦ draft /drɑ:ft/n.1 bozza; minuta: the draft of a contract, la bozza di un contratto; (leg.) draft contract, bozza (o schema) di contratto; draft legislation, abbozzo di legge; the draft of a letter, la minuta di una lettera; the first [final] draft of a novel, la prima stesura [la stesura finale] di un romanzo; to write the first draft of st., scrivere qc. in prima stesura; rough draft, abbozzo; minuta2 (fin.) tratta, cambiale tratta: draft on demand (o sight draft) tratta a vista; bank (o banker's) draft, assegno circolare, tratta bancaria3 [u] (mil. USA, = the draft) coscrizione, leva (cfr. ingl. conscription): draft board, commissione di leva; draft card, cartolina precetto; draft dodger, renitente alla leva; draft registration, iscrizione nella lista di leva6 (comput.) (modalità) bozza7 schema; schizzo: a draft for a machine tool, lo schizzo (o il disegno schematico) di una macchina utensile12 [u] (metall.) sformo; spoglia● draft budget, (fin.) bilancio preventivo provvisorio; (econ.) progetto di bilancio □ ( sport USA) draft pick, scelta di un giocatore da ingaggiare; ( anche) giocatore appena ingaggiato.NOTA D'USO: - draft o draught?- (to) draft /drɑ:ft/A v. t.1 scrivere in prima stesura; stendere una bozza di; (tecn.) progettare: to draft a contract [an article, an essay], stendere la bozza di un contratto [di un articolo, di un saggio]; to draft a parliamentary bill, preparare un disegno di legge; to draft a constitution [a law], abbozzare una costituzione [una legge]3 schizzare; abbozzare6 ( sport USA) ingaggiare, selezionare ( un giocatore): He was drafted into the team at the last minute, è stato ingaggiato nella squadra all'ultimo minutoB v. i. -
11 law
1) право ( в объективном смысле)2) закон3) общее право5) юстиция; юристы•according to law — в соответствии с правом, с законом; правомерно | соответствующий праву, закону; правомерный, законный;
law and order — правопорядок;
law and usage of Parliament — парламентский обычай;
law as amended — закон в изменённой редакции;
law as fact — право как факт, право как сущее;
law as norm — право как норма, право как должное;
at law — в соответствии с правом, в силу права, в области права; в рамках общего права;
law Christian — церковное право;
contrary to law — в противоречии с правом; в противоречии с законом | противоречащий праву; противоречащий закону;
law due to expire — закон с истекающим сроком действия;
law for the time being — закон, действующий в настоящее время;
law in force — 1. действующее право 2. действующий закон;
in law — по закону;
contemplation in law — 1. юридически значимые намерения, цель 2. точка зрения закона;
law in vigour — действующий закон;
law martial — военное положение;
law merchant — торговое право; обычное торговое право;
law spiritual — церковное право;
to be in trouble with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;
to carry law into effect — ввести закон в действие;
to clarify the law — разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона;
to consult the law — обратиться за разъяснением к закону; обратиться за консультацией к юристу, к адвокату;
to continue existing law — продлевать действие существующей правовой нормы, закона;
to create new law — создавать новую правовую норму; принимать (новый) закон;
to elaborate the law — разрабатывать закон;
to emerge as law — обретать силу закона;
to get into difficulty with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;
to go to law — обратиться к правосудию;
to keep law current — модернизировать право, закон;
to make laws — законодательствовать;
to practice law — заниматься юридической [адвокатской] практикой;
to provide for by law — предусмотреть законом, узаконить;
to restate the law — переформулировать, перередактировать правовую норму, закон;
to stand to the law — предстать перед судом;
to strain the law — допустить натяжку в истолковании закона;
to teach law — преподавать право;
law unacted upon — закон, который не соблюдается;
within the law — в рамках закона, в пределах закона
- law of armslaw of international organizations — право, регулирующее деятельность международных организаций
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflict of laws
- law of conflict
- law of contract
- law of copyright
- law of corrections
- law of crimes
- law of crime
- law of criminal procedure
- law of domestical relations
- law of domestic relations
- law of employment
- law of equity
- law of evidence
- law of God
- law of honour
- law of industrial relations
- law of international trade
- law of landlord and tenant
- law of marriage
- law of master and servant
- law of merchants
- law of merchant shipping
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of neighbouring tenements
- law of obligation
- law of outer space
- law of peace
- law of personal property
- law of persons
- law of power
- law of practice
- law of prize
- law of procedure
- law of property
- law of quasi-contract
- law of real property
- law of shipping
- law of substance
- law of succession
- law of taxation
- law of the air
- law of the case
- law of the church
- law of the Constitution
- law of the court
- law of the flag
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of the situs
- law of the staple
- law of torts
- law of treaties
- law of trusts
- law of war
- abnormal law
- absolute law
- actual law
- adjective law
- adjective patent law
- administrative law
- admiralty law
- admitted law
- agrarian law
- air carriage law
- ambassadorial law
- American Indian law
- American international law
- Antarctic law
- anti-corrupt practices laws
- antipollution laws
- anti-trust laws
- antiunion laws
- applicable law
- applied law
- bad law
- banking law
- basic law
- binding law
- blue law
- blue sky laws
- Brehon laws
- broken law
- business law
- canon law
- case law
- census disclosure law
- church law
- cited law
- civil law
- club law
- commercial law
- commitment law
- common law
- company law
- comparative law
- compiled laws
- congressional law
- conservation laws
- consolidated laws
- conspiracy law
- constitutional law
- consuetudinary law
- consular law
- continental law
- contract law
- conventional law
- conventional international law
- copyright law
- corporate law
- criminal law
- crown law
- current law
- customary law
- customary international law
- customs law
- decisional law
- diplomatic law
- discriminating law
- discriminatory law
- domestic law
- domiciliary law
- dormant law
- draft law
- dry law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- educational law
- effective law
- efficacious law
- election law
- emergency laws
- employment law
- enacted law
- enforceable law
- enrolled law
- environmental law
- equity law
- established law
- exchange law
- exclusion laws
- executive law
- executively inspired law
- existing law
- ex post facto law
- extradition laws
- extradition law
- factory laws
- factory law
- fair employment practices law
- fair trade laws
- family law
- fecial law
- federal law
- feudal law
- finance law
- fiscal law
- foreign law
- formal law
- free law
- French Canadian law
- fundamental law
- game laws
- general law
- generally applicable law
- gibbet law
- good law
- group law
- Halifax law
- harsh law
- health laws
- highway laws
- highway traffic law
- homestead laws
- housing law
- hovering laws
- humanitarian law
- immutable law
- industrial law
- industrial property case law
- inheritance law
- inner comparative law
- insurance law
- interlocal criminal law
- internal law
- internal-revenue law
- international law
- international law of the sea
- international administrative law
- international conventional law
- international criminal law
- international fluvial law
- international public law
- interpersonal law
- interstate law
- intertemporal law
- intestate laws
- introduced law
- Jim Crow laws
- judaic law
- judge-made law
- judicial law
- judiciary law
- labour relations law
- labour law
- land law
- legislation law
- licensing law
- living law
- Lynch law
- magisterial law
- maritime law
- market law
- marriage law
- martial law
- matrimonial law
- mercantile law
- military law
- mining law
- mob law
- model law
- modern law
- Mohammedan law
- moral law
- municipal law
- national law
- nationality law
- natural law
- naval law
- naval prize law
- neutrality laws
- new law
- no-fault law
- nondiscriminating law
- nondiscriminatory law
- non-enacted law
- nuclear law
- obscenity law
- obsolete law
- occupational safety laws
- official law
- official session law volume
- old law
- organic law
- original law
- ostensible law
- outmoded law
- pamphlet laws
- parliamentary law
- pass law
- passed law
- patent law
- penal law
- permissive law
- personal law
- personal law of origin
- police law
- political law
- poor laws
- positive law
- present law
- prevailing law
- preventive martial law
- prima facie law
- primary law
- prior law
- prison laws
- privacy law
- private law
- private international law
- privilege law
- prize law
- procedural law
- procedural criminal law
- promulgated law
- proper law of the contract
- property law
- proposed law
- provincial law
- public law
- public contract law
- punitive law
- quarantine laws
- real property law
- real law
- regional international law
- relevant law
- remedial law
- retroactive law
- retrospective law
- revenue laws
- road laws
- road transport law
- Roman Civil law
- Roman law
- safety laws
- sea law
- secular law
- session law
- settled law
- slip law
- social security law
- social law
- sound law
- space law
- special law
- speed law
- standing law
- state law
- state-use law
- state-wide law
- statute law
- stringent law
- subsidiary law
- succession law
- sumptuary laws
- Sunday closing laws
- superior law
- supreme law of the land
- tacit law
- tariff law
- tax law
- territorial law
- trade laws
- traditional law
- traffic laws
- transnational law
- treaty law
- unalterable law
- unenforceable law
- unified laws
- uniform law
- ununified laws
- unwritten law
- unwritten constitutional law
- vagrancy laws
- wage and hour laws
- war law
- welfare laws
- wildlife law
- working law
- written law
- written constitutional law
- zoning law
- electoral law
- financial law
- indefeasible law
- merchant law
- statutory law -
12 power
1) способность; право; правомочие; полномочие; компетенция2) власть3) держава•power coupled with interest — 1. предоставленное агенту право на извлечение выгоды из предмета агентского договора 2. доверенность на распределение наследства вкупе с получением права на него;
- power of attorneypower to initiate [to introduce] legislation — право законодательной инициативы
- power of attorney and substitution
- power of communication
- power of eminent domain
- power of impoundment
- power of investigation
- power of judgement
- power of municipality
- powers of office
- power of review
- power of substitution
- power of testation
- power of the purse
- absolute power
- adjudicative power
- administrative power
- advisory powers
- amending power
- ample powers
- ancillary powers
- appointing power
- arbitrary power
- beneficial power
- coercive power
- cognate powers
- commerce power
- confirmatory power
- congressional power
- consignatory power
- constituent power
- corporate powers
- countervailing power
- current power
- defective mental power
- delegated powers
- diplomatic powers
- discretionary powers
- discretionary power
- dispensing power
- effective power
- emergency powers
- enforcement powers
- enumerated powers
- executive power
- exercitorial power
- express powers
- extramural powers
- fact-finding power
- federal powers
- foreign power
- formal power
- full powers
- general power of attorney
- granted powers
- great power
- hostile power
- implied powers
- inherent powers
- intramural powers
- judgement-making power
- judgment-making power
- judgement-passing power
- judgment-passing power
- judicial power
- judiciary powers
- law-executing power
- law-interpreting power
- law-making power
- legal power
- legislative power
- licensing power
- mandatory power
- maritime power
- mental power
- merged powers
- military power
- monarchical power
- municipal power
- naked powers
- national power
- normal powers
- official powers
- official powers and duties
- organic powers
- pardoning power
- parental power
- parliamentary power
- paternal power
- plenary power
- police power
- political power
- prerogative power
- prerogative powers of the Crown
- presidential power
- pretended power
- pretrial power
- prevailing power
- protective power
- reasoning power
- recall power
- removal power
- reserved powers
- residential powers
- residual powers
- resulting powers
- royal power
- rule-making powers
- signatory power
- sole power
- sovereign power
- special power of attorney
- state power
- statute-making power
- statutory power
- stop and frisk power
- superior power
- supreme power
- taxing power
- temporal power
- treaty-making power
- veto power
- vicarial powers
- vicarial power
- visitatorial power
- voting power
- war-making power
- appointive power
- residuary powers
- vicarious powers
- vicarious power -
13 labour
['leɪbə] 1. сущ.; брит.; амер. labor1) трудmanual / physical labour — физический труд
sweated / sweatshop labour — тяжёлая работа
Slave labour has been outlawed. — Рабство было запрещено.
skilled labour — работа, требующая (высокой) квалификации; квалифицированная рабочая сила
- labour capacityunskilled labour — работа, не требующая специальной квалификации; неквалифицированная рабочая сила
- hard labour
- labour code
- labour contract
- labour dispute
- labour input
- labour legislationSyn:2) работа, заданиеlabours of Hercules, Herculean labours — подвиги Геракла
to do / perform labour — выполнять работу
labour of love — любимое дело; бескорыстный труд ( ради любимого дела)
lost labour — тщетные, бесполезные усилия
Syn:3) рабочий класс, рабочая сила, рабочие4) ( Labour) Лейбористская партия5) родовые муки, родыto be in labour — мучиться родами, родить
prolonged / protracted labour — затяжные роды
advanced / premature / preterm labour — преждевременные роды
She was in labour for five hours. — Она рожала пять часов.
Syn:6) затруднённость, чрезмерное усилие2. прил.; брит.; амер. laborThe engine works with labour. — Двигатель работает с трудом.
1) трудовой, рабочий3. гл.; брит.; амер. labor1) трудиться, работать (обычно тяжело, усердно)Don't labour at / over your writing, try to make it seem easy and natural. — Не слишком корпи над своими текстами, старайся, чтобы они легко читались и были понятными.
Syn:2) прилагать усилия, бороться (за что-л.), добиваться (чего-л.)to labour for peace — добиваться мира, бороться за мир
Syn:3) кропотливо разрабатывать, вникать в детали, мелочиto labour a point / question — рассматривать вопрос, вникая во все детали
4) редк. продвигаться вперёд медленно, с трудомThe truck laboured up the hill. — Грузовик с трудом взбирался вверх по склону.
5) ( labour under) быть в затруднении, мучитьсяThe firm has been labouring under difficulties for the past year. — В последний год фирма испытывает большие затруднения.
6) уст. рожать, мучиться родамиSyn:8) уст.; поэт. обрабатывать землю••to labour under a delusion — обманываться, обольщаться
to labour under a misconception / misapprehension / misunderstanding — находиться в заблуждении, ошибаться
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14 law
n1) закон- in law2) право; правоведение; законодательство- take law proceedings against smb.- institute law proceedings against smb.4) закон (природы, научный)5) правило•- land law- remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law- club law- case law- good law- law act- air law
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